Tin Pan Alias
They’re no longer the household names they once were. In fact their names were not really their names. But between them Harry and Albert Von Tilzer were two of the more successful and prolific songwriters and publishers on Tin Pan Alley, and many of their songs are familiar today as icons of the so-called Gay Nineties and early 1900s. One of them still gets played every day there’s a baseball game.
Harry and his brothers were not born Von Tilzers. Harry was born Aaron Gumbinsky or Gummblinsky to Polish Jewish immigrants in Detroit in 1872. He grew up in Indianapolis, where the brothers were all born. The family shortened the name to Gumm, leading to the often-repeated misinformation that Frances Gumm, better known as Judy Garland, was Harry’s niece. In fact, her father Frank Gumm was not one of the Gumbinsky/Gumm/Von Tilzer brothers, but a cracker from Tennessee (and predominantly homosexual, interesting when you consider Garland’s complex personal and professional relationships with gay men later, not to mention Liza’s).
At fourteen Harry Gumm ran away to join the Cole Brothers Circus. He played piano and wrote songs for a traveling theater troupe and changed his name on the road, taking his mother’s maiden name and adding the Von for a touch of class. His brothers, all of whom went into the music business after him, followed suit. Making for more confusion, in 1929 a Helen Von Tilzer would marry one of the Marx Brothers – Gummo, of course. Because of that preposterous-seeming coincidence she’s often written up as Harry’s sister, but in fact she was born Helen Theaman in New York. Von Tilzer was her first husband’s name, and he seems to have been a real Von Tilzer, also not related to Harry and the fake Von Tilzer clan.
Harry worked in burlesque, with medicine shows and in vaudeville, specializing, naturally, in “Dutch” (German) routines. In 1892 he arrived in New York City by train as a groom for a carload of horses. He had one dollar and sixty-five cents in his pocket. For the next six years he struggled, playing saloon piano and writing songs that Tony Pastor and others bought from him at two bucks each.
According to David A. Jansen’s Tin Pan Alley: An Encyclopedia of the Golden Age of American Song, Harry wrote his first hit under some duress. He and lyricist Andrew B. Sterling were sharing a furnished room on East Fifteenth Street in 1898 and were “three weeks behind on their rent. When a final bill was slipped under their door, they used the paper to write a chorus and then a verse of what turned out to be their first successful publication, ‘My Old New Hampshire Home.’” It was classic barbershop quartet treacle. William Dunn of the Orphean Music publishing company paid them fifteen dollars for it – a week’s rent on the room – and proceeded to sell more than a million copies in sheet music.
Then Dunn was bought out by Louis Bernstein and Maurice Shapiro, founders of one of Tin Pan Alley’s longest-lived hit factories – it still exists as Shapiro Bernstein & Co., with a catalogue that includes “Ring of Fire,” “Yes! We Have No Bananas,” “Walk on the Wild Side” (the original, not Lou Reed’s song) and the immortal “Wolverton Mountain.” They paid Von Tilzer four thousand dollars, a considerable sum in those days, to join them as a partner in the firm. A few years later he would leave them and start his own publishing company.
In 1900 he was relaxing in a whorehouse (or just at a party, depending on the source), noodling on the piano to some lyrics handed him by the British lyricist Arthur Lamb. When Harry saw the girls around him crying, he figured he’d noodled up a smash hit. It was. “A Bird in a Gilded Cage” sold more than two million copies of sheet music, and was one of the most popular weepers of the age, a song we still associate more than maybe any other with late Victorian mawkishness. This time Harry earned far more than fifteen bucks.
He and Lamb collaborated on two more tearjerkers in 1902, “The Banquet in Misery Hall” and the equally lugubrious “The Mansion of Aching Hearts,” which a few singers made into hit recordings. That same year a scrawny Jewish kid from the Lower East Side went busking in the saloons on the Bowery, belting out “Mansion” in a raspy tenor to the pie-eyed sailors and hookers who tossed pennies at him. That kid, Izzy Baline, went up to Tin Pan Alley on Twenty-Eighth Street to meet Von Tilzer, who hired him as a song plugger and “boomer.” A boomer was a plant in the audience at the music hall or vaudeville house whose job was to cheer and shout “Encore!” when the publisher’s new song was performed. Von Tilzer, who was an expert plugger and boomer himself, showed Izzy the ropes. Izzy, who would invent his own German-sounding professional name, Irving Berlin, went on to eclipse his mentor’s fame.
But Von Tilzer was no slouch. “Wait 'Til the Sun Shines, Nellie,” “I Want a Girl (Just Like the Girl Who Married Dear Old Dad),” “In the Sweet Bye and Bye” and “I Love My Wife, But Oh You Kid!” were all major hits, and he wrote thousands more. That was not unusual. In the crowded Tin Pan Alley milieu, where publishing companies were stacked four and five stories high door-to-door, the competition was brutal, the pace ferocious and the ruling business model crudely simple: Throw as many songs at the public as you can possibly churn out, and hope one sticks once in a while. The lists of songs published on Tin Pan Alley in its glory years, roughly the 1880s through the 1920s, are stupefyingly long – tens of thousands of songs, hurled at the public in live performances, as sheet music and piano rolls, on recorded wax cylinders, in early versions of coin-operated jukeboxes, on phonograph discs after the introduction of the affordable Victrola in 1906, and eventually on radio. Almost all of those tens of thousands of songs are forgotten now. In fact the vast majority barely made an impression when they were new. You just kept cranking them out, praying for a hit now and again.
Von Tilzer was out there pitching with the best of them. Like all serious Tin Pan Alley composers he jumped on every band wagon that rolled down Twenty-Eighth Street. He wrote Irish and “Dutch” numbers when they were fads, beer-drinking songs when they came into fashion (including one called “Under the Anheuser Busch”), schmaltzy kiddie songs, and songs capitalizing on every new dance craze, from the bunny hug to the turkey trot to the hesitation waltz. He threw three of them together in one song, “You Can Tango You Can Trot Dear but Be Sure and Hesitate.” He wrote novelty songs like “The Ragtime Goblin Man” and topical ones like “Old King Tut,” a hit for Sophie Tucker the year after Tut’s tomb was discovered in 1922.
He also wrote several hit coon songs. Coon songs spun off from minstrel shows in the 1880s. In the 1890s and 1900s hundreds and hundreds of songs with “coon” in the title were published, usually sung to ragtime tunes. They often replaced the Old Plantation nostalgia of the traditional minstrel song with ruder, more overtly racist stereotypes. They were hugely popular, and Von Tilzer wrote his share, songs like “Alexander” (familiar to audiences then as a hifalutin’ name for a blackface minstrel character), “Mammy’s Kinky-Headed Coon,” “My Lady Hottentot” and “Rufus Rastus Johnson Brown.” Performers of old-timey music still record that one, though it may be best known for the 1970 funk version by the great Rufus (“Do the Funky Chicken”) Thomas. In 1911, Berlin would upstage Von Tilzer’s “Alexander” with his own ragtime-y coon song, “Alexander’s Ragtime Band.” Any similarity to his mentor’s hit was purely intentional.
By the middle of the 1920s Von Tilzer had composed something like two thousand published songs, including a dozen million-sellers and as many as a hundred that sold half a million. His output slowed down in the later 1920s and 1930s, but he still credibly claimed to have written some eight thousand tunes. Like many Tin Pan Alley greats, including Berlin, he did it without ever learning to read or write a note of music.
Time and tastes moved on. Harry quietly lived out his last years in the Hotel Woodward, a Broadway establishment favored by show folk, and died there in 1946.
Meanwhile, Harry had brought Albert and the other brothers to New York. Jules worked for Harry. Will started a song publishing company, and Albert and Jack partnered in another. Albert was also a songwriter. He and vaudevillian Jack Norworth collaborated on the giant “Take Me Out to the Ball Game” in 1908; according to an unconfirmed but persistent legend, Albert never actually saw a ball game until the late 1920s. Some of Albert’s other hits include “Put Your Arms Around Me, Honey,” “I’ll Be With You in Apple Blossom Time,” the minstrel song “Down Where the Swanee River Flows” (a hit for Al Jolson in blackface), the Prohibition lament “The Alcoholic Blues” (“No more beer my heart to cheer/ Goodbye whiskey, you used to make me frisky/ So long highball, so long gin/ Oh, tell me when you comin’ back agin”), the Hawaiian-themed ragtime hit “Oh, How She Could Yacki Hacki Wicki Wacki Woo,” and another novelty hit, the zany bum-diddy-bum jungle number “Oh By Jingo!” with lyrics by Lew Brown. (“We will build for you a hut/ You will be our favorite nut/ We will have a lot of Oh By Gollies/ And we’ll put them in the Follies.”) Born Louis Brownstein in Odessa, Brown had fled the pogroms with his family and settled in the Bronx. In a long career he collaborated with many Tin Pan Alley and Broadway composers on classics like “Life Is Just a Bowl of Cherries,” “You’re the Cream in My Coffee,” “Sunny Side Up” and “That Old Feeling.” It was guys like Brown, the Von Tilzers and Berlin whom the rabid anti-Semite Henry Ford had in mind when he ranted, “The people are fed from day to day on the moron suggestiveness that flows in a slimy flood out of 'Tin Pan Alley,’ the head factory of filth in New York which is populated by the 'Abies,’ the 'Izzies,’ and the 'Moes’…” Ignoring him, lots of people recorded the moron suggestiveness of “Oh By Jingo!” – Danny Kaye, Spike Jones, Stephane Grappelli and Chet Atkins among them.
Following the addition of sound to commercial movies, the studios lured more and more of the music business out to Hollywood in the 1930s. After all, the first hit talkie, The Jazz Singer, was really a singie. Albert went too. He worked in film and tv, mostly contributing to soundtracks of now obscure pictures. He died in L.A. in 1956. By that point much of the Von Tilzer catalogue, especially the older and mushier songs, had faded away, except at ball games. Then in 1958 Lawrence Welk, than whom no one loved old-fashioned schmaltz more, bought the catalogue and engineered a Von Tilzer revival. When the Songwriters Hall of Fame began in 1969, Harry and Albert were among the first voted in.
by John Strausbaugh